Springs Monitoring at Coronado National Memorial: 2024
Bryn Callie, Annika Munson, Cheryl McIntyre, Andy Hubbard
Edited by Tani Hubbard
Please cite this publication as:
Callie, B., A. Munson, C. McIntyre, and A. Hubbard. 2026. Springs Monitoring at Coronado National Memorial: 2024. Science Report NPS/SR—2026/441. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. https://doi.org/10.36967/2318580
Abstract
The Sonoran Desert Inventory and Monitoring Network monitors three springs each year at Coronado National Memorial, Arizona. We assess the condition of the spring, measure spring discharge and wetted extent (area that contained water), collect core water quality and water chemistry data, note the wetland plants and invasive species present, and sample for environmental DNA (eDNA) to inventory springs for rare species, invasive species, and pathogens. Each spring is somewhat unique, and Arizona has not adopted water quality standards that apply across the diversity of springs in the state. Therefore, we continue to collect water quality data at the springs to form a baseline reference of natural variance. We did not detect any of our eDNA target organisms at the two springs where we were able to obtain samples in 2024. As in 2022 and 2023, Blue Waterfall #2 was completely dry in 2024. However, the spring had water from 2017 (when monitoring began) through 2021. Some riparian vegetation was present in 2024, but several cottonwood trees were dead. Sediment deposits and plant debris remain from a 2022 flood, and there was trash at the site. In 2024, wetland plants included cottonwood (live and dead) and sedges, and we did not find any invasive plants or animals. Fern Grotto lies in the middle of a steep drainage and emerges in a cave covered in thick moss, ferns, and monkeyflowers. The cave is dammed by a one-meter-high cement wall, and the spring contained water in 2024 but was drier than in previous years. The temperature sensor was missing, so there are no water persistence data for 2024. Less trash was present than in prior years. There were a few Bermudagrass plants (invasive species), and native wetland plants included monkeyflower, rushes, and sedges. Sparkes Spring consists of a complex of pools and had water on our visit in 2024, but the first spring orifice was buried under sediment deposits and did not contain surface water. The temperature sensor showed the spring was wet all year, but we noted evidence of drying vegetation for the first time in 2024. Remnants of a concrete dam influence water flow at the site, and trash was present. Wetland plants included mule-fat, rushes, sycamore, and willow. No invasive plants or animals were detected at Sparkes Spring in 2024.
NPS / ADAM PINGATORE
Background
Springs, seeps, and tinajas (discrete pools in a rock basin or impoundments in bedrock) are small, relatively rare biodiversity hotspots in arid lands. They are the primary connection between groundwater and surface water and are important water sources for plants and animals. At Coronado National Memorial, Sonoran Desert Network scientists study how ecosystems may be changing by taking measurements of key resources, or “vital signs,” year after year—much as a doctor keeps track of a patient’s vital signs. This long-term ecological monitoring provides early warning of potential problems, allowing managers to mitigate them before they become worse. We monitor three springs at Coronado National Memorial each year. The most important questions we ask are about persistence (How long was there water in the spring?) and water quantity (How much water was in the spring?).
Climate change is an emerging influence on springs in the American Southwest. Possible changes include increased air temperatures, evaporation rates, and drought intensity; more frequent and extreme rainfall and heat events; and potentially reduced precipitation in the winter and spring. These changes may cause springs to experience reduced flow or even go dry, which may disrupt ecological functions, reduce species diversity, and negatively impact visitor experience.
Springs reporting is by calendar year starting in 2024. Prior to 2024, springs data were summarized by water year (WY), which ran from October through September (e.g., WY2023 started in October 2022 and went through September 2023). In 2024, springs sampling at Coronado National Memorial occurred on 24 October and 25 October. Water persistence is monitored continuously throughout the year using in-situ sensors, but in this report we only present 2024 persistence data up to the sampling visit date for each spring.
Methods
Sonoran Desert Network springs monitoring is organized into the four modules described below (see McIntyre et al. 2018 for additional details) and eDNA inventories. All data have undergone certification processes to ensure they have been verified and validated for accuracy, are complete, and are fully documented. Data used in this report are available to park staff on the NPS DataStore and can be provided upon request.
Site Characterization
This module provides context for interpreting change in the other modules. We record GPS locations, draw a site diagram, and describe the spring type (e.g., helocrene, limnocrene, rheocrene, or tinaja) and its associated vegetation in this module. Helocrene springs emerge as low-gradient wetlands, limnocrene springs emerge as pools, and rheocrene springs emerge as flowing streams. This module is completed once every five years or after significant events.
Site Condition
We estimate the level of natural and anthropogenic disturbances and the level of stress on vegetation and soils at the spring on a scale of 1–4, where 1 = undisturbed, 2 = slightly disturbed, 3 = moderately disturbed, and 4 = highly disturbed. Types of natural disturbances can include flooding, drying, fire, wildlife impacts, windthrow of trees and shrubs, beaver activity, and insect infestations. Anthropogenic disturbances can include roads, off-highway vehicle trails, hiking trails, livestock and feral-animal impacts, removal of invasive non-native plants, flow modification, and other evidence of human use of the spring site. We take repeat photographs from the same location and perspective to show the spring and its landscape context. We note the presence of certain obligate wetland plant species (plant species that almost always occur only in wetlands), facultative wetland plant species (plant species that usually occur in wetlands, but also occur in other habitats), and invasive non-native crayfish and American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). We also record the density of invasive non-native plants using a qualitative scale (1–5 plants, scattered patches, evenly distributed patches, or a matrix). We complete the site condition module during each springs monitoring visit.
Water Quantity
We measure the persistence of surface water, amount of spring discharge, and wetted extent (area that contained water). To estimate persistence, we analyze the variance of temperature measurements taken by two logging thermometers placed at or near the orifice (spring opening). Because water mediates variation in diurnal temperatures, data from a submerged sensor will show less daily variation than data from an exposed, open-air sensor; this tells us when the spring was wet or dry. Surface discharge is measured with a timed sample of water volume. Wetted extent is a systematic measurement of the physical length (up to 100 m), width, and depth of surface water. It is assessed using a technique for either standing water (e.g., limnocrene and helocrene springs) or flowing water (e.g., rheocrene springs). We complete discharge and wetted extent measurements during each visit when possible. Water persistence measurements are continuous throughout the year.
Water Quality
We measure core water quality and water chemistry parameters. Core water quality parameters include water temperature, pH, specific conductivity (a measure of dissolved compounds and contaminants), dissolved oxygen (how much oxygen is present in the water), and total dissolved solids (an indicator of potentially undesirable compounds). Discrete measurements of these parameters are collected with a multiparameter meter. If the meter fails calibration checks, we do not present data. Water chemistry is assessed by collecting surface water samples and estimating the concentration of major ions with a photometer in the field. These parameters are collected at one or more sampling locations within a spring, but we only present data for the primary sampling location, unless otherwise noted. Each perennial spring is somewhat unique, and Arizona has not adopted water quality standards that would apply across the diversity of springs described here. Ongoing, long-term data collection at each spring will improve our understanding of the natural range in water quality and water chemistry parameters for a given site. We complete the water quality module during each visit when possible. The total number of measurements value we present in the data tables is across all years and may reflect multiple measurements taken in a single year and missing values in other years for a variety of reasons.
eDNA Inventory of Rare Species, Invasive Species, and Pathogens
We inventory rare species, invasive species, and pathogens in perennial springs using environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques. One or more 5-liter water samples are collected and filtered (using a 5 µm self-preserving mesh filter) from each spring using a Smith Root Citizen Science Pump. Samples are preserved in ethanol prior to DNA extraction and analysis by the Goldberg Lab at Washington State University.
Target Organisms for the eDNA Project
The invasive non-native American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) that has been detected near (but not within, to our knowledge) Coronado National Memorial (Schmidt et al. 2007).
The pathogen chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), a major threat to amphibians globally that is currently expanding in the American Southwest. It has not been previously detected in the park.
Ranaviruses, pathogens that can infect amphibians and produce 90–100% mortality in tadpoles and adults and can persist in affected wetlands. Ranaviruses have not been previously detected at the park.
The native Chiricahua leopard frog (Rana chiricahuensis), a federally designated threatened species that was historically detected near (but not within, to our knowledge) the park (Schmidt et al. 2007). Designated critical habitat is located north of the park in the Huachuca Mountains.
The native red-spotted toad (Anaxyrus punctatus), a species previously observed at the park in the early 2000s (Schmidt et al. 2007).
The native Mexican spadefoot toad (Spea multiplicate), a species previously observed at the park in the early 2000s (Schmidt et al. 2007).
The native lowland leopard frog (Rana yavapaiensis), a species of conservation concern that has not been previously observed at the park (Schmidt et al. 2007).
The native aquatic northern Mexican garter snake (Thamnophis eques megalops), a federally designated threatened species that has been detected near (but not within, to our knowledge) the park (Schmidt et al. 2007). There is designated critical habitat for this species just west of the park boundary.
The native jaguar (Panthera onca), a federally designated endangered species that has historically been found within the park. Coronado National Memorial is entirely within the designated critical habitat for jaguar recovery.
The native tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum), an aquatic predator facing the decline of wetland habitat that was previously detected within the park (Schmidt et al. 2007).
Results
Blue Waterfall #2
Blue Waterfall #2 (Figures 1 and 2) is a rheocrene spring (a spring that emerges into one or more stream channels). The spring is in the middle of a steep, south-facing canyon. There are bright blue water stains on the bedrock cliffs above the dry step pools. The 2024 visit occurred on 24 October, and the spring was completely dry, which is consistent with the 2022 and 2023 site visits. However, the spring was wetted (contained water) from 2017 when we started sampling through 2021.
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Site Condition
Consistent with our 2022 and 2023 visits, Blue Waterfall #2 was completely dry in 2024. Although there was some riparian vegetation present at the site in 2024, two of the three cottonwood trees (Populus sp.) were dead, indicating the spring is moderately disturbed by drying (Figure 3). As in previous years, we observed sediment deposits and plant debris in the main pool, suggesting that the flooding, which occurred in 2022, may still be affecting the spring. In 2024, we once again observed trash at the site and rated it as moderately disturbed by contemporary human use. No other natural or human-caused disturbances were observed at Blue Waterfall #2 in 2024.
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As in past years, we did not observe invasive non-native crayfish or American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) at Blue Waterfall #2 in 2024, and we did not observe any invasive non-native plants. We observed two species of obligate wetland plants at the spring: cottonwood (Populus sp., a tree previously observed in 2017–2023) and sedge (Carex sp., previously observed in 2018–2023).
eDNA Inventory of Rare Species, Invasive Species, and Pathogens
Water samples could not be collected in 2024 as the spring was completely dry; therefore, there are no eDNA data available.
Water Quantity
Sensors are deployed and data are downloaded during our annual visit; the dates of these visits are indicated by black diamonds in the persistence graph (Figure 4). The temperature sensor indicated that Blue Waterfall #2 was wetted (contained water) for only 12 of 298 days (4%) measured up to the 2024 visit. In prior years, the spring was wetted 0.0–90.7% of the days measured across entire years.
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Given that the spring was completely dry in 2024, discharge and wetted extent were not measured. Past discharge data are summarized in Table 1. Past wetted extent data using the standing water method and flowing water method are summarized in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
| Sampling Location | 2024 Mean (Range of Prior Means) |
Prior Years Measured (# of Visits with Measurements) |
|---|---|---|
| 003 | c.n.s. (1.0–7.7) | 2017–2022 (4) |
| Measurement | 2024 Value (Prior Value/Mean) |
Prior Years Measured (# of Visits with Measurements) |
|---|---|---|
| Width (cm) | c.n.s. (105.3) | 2022 (1) |
| Depth (cm) | c.n.s. (6.3) | 2022 (1) |
| Length (m) | c.n.s. (3.2) | 2022 (1) |
| Measurement | 2024 Value (Range of Prior Values/Means) |
Prior Years Measured (# of Visits with Measurements) |
|---|---|---|
| Width (cm) | c.n.s. (38.0–91.6) | 2017–2021 (4) |
| Depth (cm) | c.n.s. (0.2–3.7) | 2017–2021 (4) |
| Length (m) | c.n.s. (7.0–32.8) | 2017–2021 (4) |
Water Quality
Core water quality and water chemistry data could not be collected in 2024 as the site was completely dry. Past data are summarized in Tables 4 and 5.
| Sampling Location | Parameter | 2024 Value (Range of Prior Values) |
Prior Years Measured (# of Measurements) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | c.n.s. (1.67–7.05) | 2018–2022 (3) |
| 001 | pH | c.n.s. (3.83–7.37) | 2017–2022 (4) |
| 001 | Specific conductivity (µS/cm) | c.n.s. (292.8–930.0) | 2017–2022 (4) |
| 001 | Temperature (°C) | c.n.s. (14.1–20.3) | 2017–2022 (5) |
| 001 | Total dissolved solids (mg/L) | c.n.s. (190.0–604.5) | 2017–2022 (4) |
| Sampling Location | Parameter | 2024 Value (Range of Prior Values) |
Prior Years Measured (# of Measurements) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | Alkalinity (CaCO3) | c.n.s. (30–65) | 2017–2019 (3) |
| 001 | Calcium (Ca) | c.n.s. (32–44) | 2017–2019 (3) |
| 001 | Chloride (Cl) | c.n.s. (b.d.l.–16) | 2017–2019 (3) |
| 001 | Magnesium (Mg) | c.n.s. (5–27) | 2017–2019 (3) |
| 001 | Potassium (K) | c.n.s. (1.0–1.4) | 2017–2019 (3) |
| 001 | Sulphate (SO4) | c.n.s. (185–195) | 2017–2019 (3) |
Fern Grotto
Fern Grotto (Figures 5, 6, and 7) is a cave spring (a spring that emerges entirely within a cave and is not directly connected to surface flow) that occurs within a 3 × 1.5 × 2-meter cave that is dammed by a one-meter-high cement wall. The ceiling and walls of the cave are composed of travertine and are covered in thick moss, ferns, and monkeyflowers. The cave is in the middle of a steep channel stepping down the south side of a ridge. A second orifice on the slope above the cave has supported a marshy area and small pool in past years but was dry during the 2024 visit. A cattle trough (fed by the spring) and nonfunctional springbox with pipe are just below the cave. The 2024 visit to Fern Grotto occurred on 25 October 2024 and the spring contained water.
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Site Condition
In 2024, Fern Grotto was drier than in previous years. We rated the spring moderately disturbed by drying. The orifice above the cave was dry, and the springbrook below the cave contained less water than in past visits (Figure 8). Consistent with past years, we rated the spring as highly disturbed by flow modification. The dam (located within the cave), springbox, and cattle troughs present at the site continue to influence springflow and local hydrology despite the cessation of livestock operations decades ago. We once again noted the presence of trash at the site and rated it moderately disturbed by contemporary human activity; however, there seemed to be less evidence of human activity than during our previous two visits, during which we noted the presence of clothing, trampled vegetation, and human waste at the site. We rated Fern Grotto as moderately disturbed by hiking trails; there continue to be abundant social trails around the spring. We rated the spring moderately disturbed by wildlife. Like in past years, we observed deer and javelina tracks and trails; in 2024, we also found deer and javelina bones at the upper orifice. No other natural or human-caused disturbances were observed at Fern Grotto in 2024.
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As in past years, we did not observe invasive non-native crayfish or American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) at Fern Grotto in 2024. We detected one invasive non-native plant species: 1–5 Bermudagrass plants (Cynodon dactylon, not previously observed).
We observed three species of obligate or facultative wetland plants in 2024: monkeyflower (Mimulus sp., a forb first observed in 2022 and 2023), a rush (Juncaceae, observed in three monitoring years between 2017 and 2023), and a sedge (Carex sp., previously observed in 2019 and 2023).
eDNA Inventory of Rare Species, Invasive Species, and Pathogens
Multiple water samples were collected and filtered (using a 5 µm self-preserving mesh filter) at Fern Grotto’s cave catchment (orifice B) in August and October 2024 during visual encounter surveys and our full sampling effort. None of our target organisms were detected.
Water Quantity
Sensors are deployed and data are downloaded during our annual visit; the dates of these visits are indicated by black diamonds in the persistence graph (Figure 9). When sampled in October 2024, the cave orifice contained surface water, and the livestock trough contained some muddy water; however, the orifice upslope of the cave was dry. We were unable to locate the water temperature sensor, so there is no estimate of persistence for 2024. In prior years, the spring was wetted 47.7–100% of the days measured across entire years.
NPS
Although the cave orifice contained water in 2024, there was no surface outflow at the site, so we could not measure discharge. Wetted extent was evaluated using a method for flowing water. The total springbrook length was 5.3 m (17.4 ft), which was shorter than all previously recorded springbrook lengths (Table 6). In 2024, width and depth along the springbrook averaged 34.4 cm (13.5 in) and 0.7 cm (0.3 in), respectively. The mean springbrook width and depth in 2024 were within the ranges of previously recorded values.
| Measurement | 2024 Value (Range of Prior Values/Means) |
Prior Years Measured (# of Visits with Measurements) |
|---|---|---|
| Width (cm) | 34.4 ± 17.3 (14.0–65.1) | 2017–2023 (5) |
| Depth (cm) | 0.7 ± 0.7 (0.6–2.7) | 2017–2023 (5) |
| Length (m) | 5.3 (8.8–22.5) | 2017–2023 (5) |
Water Quality
Core water quality (Table 7) and water chemistry (Table 8) data were collected at the primary sampling location. In 2024, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductivity, temperature, and total dissolved solids values were all within the ranges recorded in previous years. Alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, and potassium levels were within previously recorded ranges, while chloride and sulphate levels were higher than prior measurements. Notably, chloride levels within the spring were over three times greater than any previously recorded maximum value.
| Sampling Location | Parameter | 2024 Value (Range of Prior Values) |
Prior Years Measured (# of Measurements) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 002 | Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 6.04 (4.30–6.61) | 2018–2023 (7) |
| 002 | pH | 7.08 (6.92–7.45) | 2017–2023 (8) |
| 002 | Specific conductivity (µS/cm) | 667 (634–678) | 2017–2023 (8) |
| 002 | Temperature (°C) | 19.8 (15.9–20.0) | 2017–2023 (9) |
| 002 | Total dissolved solids (mg/L) | 433 (412–442) | 2017–2023 (8) |
| Sampling Location | Parameter | 2024 Value (Range of Prior Values) |
Prior Years Measured (# of Measurements) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 002 | Alkalinity (CaCO3) | 265 (220–360) | 2017–2023 (7) |
| 002 | Calcium (Ca) | 85 (34–120) | 2017–2023 (7) |
| 002 | Chloride (Cl) | 81 (5–23) | 2017–2023 (7) |
| 002 | Magnesium (Mg) | 11 (10–20) | 2017–2023 (7) |
| 002 | Potassium (K) | 1.3 (0.1–1.3) | 2017–2023 (7) |
| 002 | Sulphate (SO4) | 88 (45–72) | 2017–2023 (7) |
Sparkes Spring
Sparkes Spring (Figures 10 and 11) is a rheocrene spring (a spring that emerges into one or more stream channels) with a complex of pools. The pools start at the base of a large bedrock outcrop that straddles the channel of Montezuma Canyon. When characterized on 8 April 2022, flow throughout ranged from subsurface to surface, with numerous small and medium (but shallow) pools and saturated soils. The channel was about three meters wide, fairly straight, with steep side slopes of soil, cobbles, and vegetation, and lined with small seep willows. The pools contained numerous aquatic and terrestrial insects. The 2024 visit occurred on 24 October, and the spring contained water, but the first orifice (orifice A) was buried under sediment deposits and did not have surface water. The first pool of surface water occurred about eight meters downstream from orifice A, near a second orifice (orifice B).
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Site Condition
Similar to the previous two years, we noted sedimentation within the pools at Sparkes Spring in 2024 and rated the site moderately disturbed by flooding; orifice A and our water temperature sensor were completely buried under sediment deposits (Figure 12). We once again rated Sparkes Spring as slightly disturbed by flow modification as the remnants of a concrete dam within the springbrook influenced its flow. Montezuma Canyon Road is located just 30 m upslope of the channel. As in 2022 and 2023, we rated the site as moderately disturbed by contemporary human use because of signs of migrant activity including trash and moderately disturbed by hiking trails because of the extensive social trails around and throughout the spring system. We rated the site slightly disturbed by wildlife based on burrows, tracks, and trampling. Lastly, for the first time in 2024, we noted a slight disturbance by drying with dried vegetation around the spring. No other natural or human-caused disturbances were observed at Sparkes Spring in 2024.
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As in past years, we did not observe invasive non-native crayfish or American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) in 2024, nor did we observe any invasive non-native plants at Sparkes Spring.
We observed four species of obligate/facultative wetland plants at Sparkes Spring in 2024: mule-fat (Baccharis salicifolia, a tree/shrub observed in 2017–2023); rush species (Juncaceae, observed in three monitoring years between 2017 and 2023); sycamore (Platanus sp., a tree/shrub previously observed in 2017–2023); and willow (Salix sp., a tree/shrub observed in four monitoring years between 2017 and 2023).
eDNA Inventory of Rare Species, Invasive Species, and Pathogens
Multiple water samples were collected and filtered (using a 5 µm self-preserving mesh filter) at Sparkes Spring in August and October 2024 during visual encounter surveys and our full sampling effort. None of our target organisms were detected.
Water Quantity
Sensors are deployed and data are downloaded during our annual visit; the dates of these visits are indicated by black diamonds in the persistence graph (Figure 13). The temperature sensor indicated that Sparkes Spring was wetted (contained water) for all 298 (100%) days measured up to the 2024 visit. However, these may be false wet days. In October 2024, we found the temperature sensor buried under moist sediment, which may have generated semi-false positives and affected our estimates of persistence. In prior years, the spring was wetted 65.5–100% of the days measured across entire years.
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In 2024, the estimated volumetric discharge was 0.8 ± 0.1 L/min (0.2 ± 0.02 gal/min). This was substantially lower than any previously recorded mean discharge (Table 9). Wetted extent was evaluated using a method for flowing water in 2024. The total springbrook length was 63.0 m (206.7 ft), which was lower than any previously recorded brook length (Table 10). Width and depth along the springbrook averaged 24.2 cm (9.5 in), and 2.3 cm (0.9 in), respectively. In 2024, the springbrook width was below all previously recorded means, and the depth was within the range of previous means.
| Sampling Location |
2024 Mean (Range of Prior Means) |
Prior Years Measured (# of Visits with Measurements) |
|---|---|---|
| 005 | 0.8 ± 0.1 (2.5–36.8) | 2017–2023 (7) |
| Measurement | 2024 Value (Range of Prior Values/Means) |
Prior Years Measured (# of Visits with Measurements) |
|---|---|---|
| Width (cm) | 24.2 ± 25.6 (60.9–99.4) | 2017–2023 (6) |
| Depth (cm) | 2.3 ± 2.2 (1.7–3.4) | 2017–2023 (6) |
| Length (m) | 63.0 (97.2–100.0) | 2017–2023 (6) |
Water Quality
Core water quality (Table 11) and chemistry (Table 12) data were not collected at the primary sampling location (near orifice A) in 2024 as the area was buried in sediment deposits and lacked surface water during the October visit. Instead, the data were collected at a small pool about 25 m downstream. Dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductivity, temperature, and total dissolved solids values were all within the range of previously recorded values. Alkalinity, calcium, chloride, magnesium, and potassium values were within the ranges recorded in previous years. Sulphate levels were higher than previously recorded.
| Sampling Location | Parameter | 2024 Value (Range of Prior Values) |
Prior Years Measured (# of Measurements) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 009 | Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 2.36 (0.37–2.68) | 2018–2023 (6) |
| 009 | pH | 6.86 (6.75–7.19) | 2017–2023 (7) |
| 009 | Specific conductivity (µS/cm) | 767 (765–790) | 2017–2023 (7) |
| 009 | Temperature (°C) | 15.2 (14.1–18.7) | 2017–2023 (8) |
| 009 | Total dissolved solids (mg/L) | 499 (497–514) | 2017–2023 (7) |
| Sampling Location | Parameter | 2024 Value (Range of Prior Values) |
Prior Years Measured (# of Measurements) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 009 | Alkalinity (CaCO3) | 330 (300–440) | 2017–2023 (6) |
| 009 | Calcium (Ca) | 100 (32–115) | 2017–2023 (6) |
| 009 | Chloride (Cl) | 13 (0–31) | 2017–2023 (6) |
| 009 | Magnesium (Mg) | 19 (17–43) | 2017–2023 (6) |
| 009 | Potassium (K) | 0.6 (0.2–1.6) | 2017–2023 (6) |
| 009 | Sulphate (SO4) | 88 (49–83) | 2017–2023 (6) |
Past Reports
Previous annual reports can be found at the following links:
Literature Cited
- McIntyre, C., K. Gallo, E. Gwilliam, J.A. Hubbard, J. Christian,
K. Bonebrake, G. Goodrum, M. Podolinsky, L. Palacios, et al. 2018. Springs,
seeps, and tinajas monitoring protocol: Chihuahuan and Sonoran Desert
Networks. Natural Resource Report. NPS/CHDN/NRR—2018/1796. National
Park Service. Fort Collins, Colorado.
https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2257245 - Schmidt, C.A., B.F. Powell, D.E. Swann, and W.L. Halvorson. 2007. Vascular plant and vertebrate inventory of Coronado National Memorial. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open File Report. USGS Open File Report 2007-1393. USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Sonoran Desert Research Station, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2174394
Author Information
Bryn Callie 1
Annika Munson 1
Cheryl McIntyre 1 
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7554-7586
Andy Hubbard 1 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4223-7730
Edited by Tani Hubbard 2
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8777-4773
1
National Park Service
Sonoran Desert Inventory and Monitoring Network
12661 E. Broadway Blvd.
Tucson, Arizona
2
Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative and National Park
Service
12661 E. Broadway Blvd.
Tucson, Arizona
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